First transistor 194712/10/2023 The areas containing the most impurities have the lowest resistance. However, the germanium is doped, or impregnated with impurities that alter its properties. The material has properties that make it difficult to create an N-type contact with low electrical resistance for good current flow. One paper was authored by Ye and graduate students Heng Wu, Nathan Conrad and Wei Luo, the same authors of the second paper together with graduate students Mengwei Si, Jingyun Zhang and Hong Zhou. Because both types of transistors are needed for CMOS circuits, the findings point to possible applications for germanium in computers and electronics, he said.įindings will be detailed in two papers being presented during the 2014 IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting on Dec. The findings show how to use the material also to make "N-type" transistors. The material had previously been limited to "P-type" transistors. In new findings, Purdue researchers show how to use germanium to produce two types of transistors needed for CMOS electronic devices. Germanium is one material being considered to replace silicon because it could enable the industry to make smaller transistors and more compact integrated circuits, Ye said.Ĭompared to silicon, germanium also is said to have a "higher mobility" for electrons and electron "holes," a trait that makes for ultra-fast circuits. However, the industry will soon reach the limit as to how small silicon transistors can be made, threatening future advances. Germanium was superseded by silicon as the semiconductor of choice for commercial CMOS technology. "Bell Labs created the first transistor, but the semiconductor crystal made of purified germanium was provided by Purdue physicists," said Peide "Peter" Ye, a Purdue professor of electrical and computer engineering. This article appears in the December 2022 print issue.The team has created the first modern germanium circuit – a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) device – using germanium as the semiconductor instead of silicon. Who knows, maybe the transistor of 2047 will make its debut there, too. This year he’s most excited about new devices that combine computing capability with memory to speed machine learning. The mind-bending advances that emerge from that conference always get him excited about the engineering feats occurring in today’s labs and on tomorrow’s production lines. IEEE’s Electron Devices Meeting in San Francisco. When I was talking to Moore a few weeks ago about this issue, he mentioned that he’s attending his favorite conference just as this issue comes out, the 68th edition of For “ The Transistor of 2047,” Moore talked to the leading lights of semiconductor engineering, many of them IEEE Fellows, to get a glimpse of a future where transistors are stacked on top of each other and are made of increasingly exotic 2D materials, even as the OG of transistor materials, germanium, is poised for a comeback in the near term. Spectrum and curated this special issue, looks at what the transistor might be like when it turns 100. The best explanation of the point-contact transistor is in Bardeen’s 1956 Nobel Prize lecture, but even that left out important details.Īnd while we’re celebrating this historic accomplishment, Senior Editor Samuel K. According to our editorial director for content development, Glenn Zorpette, the best explanation of the point-contact transistor is in Bardeen’s 1956 Nobel Prize lecture, but even that left out important details, which Zorpette explores in classic Spectrum style in “ How the First Transistor Worked” on page 24. Spectrum special issue if we didn’t tell you how the original point-contact transistor worked, something that even the inventors seemed a little fuzzy on. It is a testament to imagination and ingenuity of three generations of electronics engineers who took the (by today’s standards) mammoth point-contact transistor and shrunk it down to the point where transistors are so ubiquitous that civilization as we know it would not exist without them. In fact, each of us is surrounded by billions, if not trillions of transistors, none of which are visible to the naked eye. What amazed me most besides the fact that the very thing this issue is devoted to was here with us? I’d passed by it countless times and never noticed it, even though it is tens of billions times the size of an ordinary transistor today. This article is part of our special report on theħ5th anniversary of the invention of the transistor.
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